David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. 1 and 2 Samuel form one book in the ancient Hebrew manuscripts. While I accept the perspective attributed to Gregory the Great, Scripture grows with its readers, cited by Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, I contend that the authors first corollary of this positionthe abandonment of the concern . By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. By contrast, Samuel executes his mission completely in the public eye. 7. Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. As with the development of individual characters, so too are human actions carefully crafted in the biblical narrative for ideological purposes. Type Scene: Victory Song. So the woman abode, and gave her son suck until she weaned him. is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. Of particular interest is the sequence of events that culminates in Gods initial fulfillment of Hannahs vow: And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her.35 In these thirty-three English words, and appears six times. As will be seen, the rest of the Samuel story is retold largely in dialogue because spoken language is the substratum of everything human and divine that transpires in the Bible, and the Hebrew tendency to transpose what is preverbal or nonverbal into speech is finally a technique for getting at the essence of things, for obtruding their substratum.22 Elkanahs first direct speech also motivates the storys central action: Hannahs sacred vow and the Lords favorable response. See Alter, Moses, 77 n.2; 131 nn. And he rose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. . And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. . I thank Steven Walker, Richard Dilworth Rust, Rex Cooper, and Fred Woods for their helpful comments on prior drafts of this article. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). Samson is one of the most recognizable of the judges who ruled over Israel before the time of the kings. 67. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. Shakab implies that Samuel is simply lying prone in bed when the Lord first calls and eventually appears to him. . 1. I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. Besides Samuels name, which the Lord utters four times during his calling (3:4, 6, 10), this message, which simultaneously calls Samuel and condemns Eli, constitutes the only words that God actually speaks in the Samuel story, despite the fact that he is its principal protagonist.63, Continuing the contrast with the ministry of the man of God, the text only alludes to Samuels subsequent communication with EliAnd Samuel told him every whit. It does not repeat one word of what the lad actually says to his mentor. Samuels mother Hannah While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 5:52829. As conservatives, they must have been torn between the threat to Israel posed by the Philistines and the promise that the new political system, alien to religious and national traditions, offered against this threat. These details may explain why the man of God specifically refers to Pharaohs house in his condemnation of the house of Eli (2:27). Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. Samuels prophecy reinforces much of what the man of God earlier says to Eli but does not repeat any of his specific words and phrases or hint at Samuels awareness of his existence or message. While Eli properly identifies the source of Samuels call, he does not hear the voice himself; only the lad does. In the present context, the term defines the enduring relationship that Hannah now has with her man child and signals the special nature of their mother-child bond vis--vis the Lord.42. 15. McCarter, I Samuel, 8693, identifies several literary features of the text which indicate that, as a result of Samuels ministry, Israels future as recounted in the Hebrew Bible will be considerably different than its past. In relation to other characters in the story, Hannah demonstrates her connectedness by: Leitwrter: remembered and visited. Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel; and how they lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. While Samuel ministered to the Lord (1 Samuel 2:18). See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. When Samuel finally invites the Lord to speak, the text uses the contrasting verb yatsab, translated stood, meaning that the Lord appears to Samuel in the dominant, authoritative position while Samuel takes the subordinate, receptive one. Samuels rise to prominence was anticipated and guided by the Lord, Samuel would be sustained by God in his challenging but crucial ministry, and. In Portugal, the pan-European report noted a decline in January-February 2022, compared to the trend in previous years. There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. Karath also connotes destruction but is more widely used in the Hebrew Bible with stronger and more explicit reference to breaking a covenant (for example, Genesis 9:11; Exodus 4:25; 12:15, 19; Leviticus 17:414; 20:318; Numbers 15:3031). This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). This contrast does not mean that biblical characters are shallow. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? Now there was a certain man of Ramathaim-zophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. We compared the results of the SVV test in two groups of children with ages ranging from 7 to 10 years. Updated on September 25, 2018. Characterization: Messengers of God. As a result, identifying the literary conventions of a given text and imagining their interpretive significance enable readers to approximate the intent(s) of its author(s), especially if the conventions can be shown to combine with one another in order to fashion of the text a coherent and meaningful whole.8. Samsons story skips 47. And they went unto their own home. The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. Elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, gada is used in reference to felling trees, particularly groves devoted to the worship of pagan gods, or more generally to destroying anything of value as a consequence of wickedness and as a sign of Gods displeasure (for example, Deuteronomy 7:5; Judges 21:6; 2 Chronicles 14:3; 31:1; Psalms 75:10; 107:16; Isaiah 9:10; 14:12; 15:2; 22:25; 45:2; Jeremiah 48:25; 50:23; Ezekiel 6:6). Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 3637, 43, systematically compares the miraculous birth narratives of the Hebrew Bible and summarizes this biblical scene type. and why eatest thou not? While this curse represents the single most extended direct speech in 1 Samuel 13, the precise interaction between the man of God and his Master is completely omitted from the story. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood Leitwrter: know and lie with. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. WebSamuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. The childhood of Samuel is of great significance as seen when he is The present study relies on the LDS edition of the King James Translation of the Hebrew Bible. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. In the pro-monarchic account of the rise of Saul, Samuel is an obscure village seer (with distinct evidence of occult practices). While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord. To keep readers focused on the storys central purpose, the narrator adds a bit of narrative commentary on Samuels faithful service before and after each vignette (2:11b, 18, 21b, 26). Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: This stage takes place between the ages of 18 months and 3 years In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. 43. While the transition details the woes of Elis house, it also contains five separate references to Samuels progressively faithful service to the Lordat the beginning and end of the transition and periodically throughout (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a). The phrase were there identifies only that they are present at the temple, not that they are functioning worthily. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Prior sections of the Samuel story are devoted to contents that are primarily narrative or primarily dialogue. But Samuel continued to grow in stature and in favor with the LORD and with people. (1 Samuel 2:26). See Alter, Art, 6387. In his masterful study of The Iliad, the great classical scholar James M. Redfield offers an alternate perspective that is central to the present inquiry: Homer does not speak to us when we assign our meanings to his words or when we allow ourselves to be guided by our immediate response to his scenes. James M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in The Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), x. Born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, Houston moved to Tennessee with his mother and eight siblings after his father died when he was 13. Attempting to cover his error of judgment, Eli offers a hastily constructed blessing for her to receive her petition, to which she simply responds, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. The text then observes that Hannah went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.. Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. In contrast with the introduction, which consists almost entirely of expository narrative, the second segment is filled almost entirely with dialogue.23. . She neither retreats from nor attempts to renegotiate the terms of her sacred vow. This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. . Contributing to the disjunctive role of genealogies in the biblical narrative, McCarter observes that the opening phrase, translated from the Hebrew as Now there was a certain man, signals the inauguration of an entirely new narrative.17, In addition, while modern readers may interpret the opening phrase as focusing the story on the man Elkanah, the narrative unfolds in such a way that Hannahs husband plays at best a supportive and largely contrasting role in the Samuel story. In short, the narrative features the delivery of the word of God by the man of God to Eli but the reception by Samuel of the divine message directly from God. 39. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. David was young when Samuel found him. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. See Genesis 30:2224 for a similarly structured sequence of events regarding childbirth. . The second way that Hannah continues to nurture her firstborn is mentioned below in the discussion of 1 Samuel 2:19. Samuel, whose name means heard of God, was dedicated to God by his mother, Hannah, as part of a vow she made before he was born (1 Samuel 1:11). Samuel was a Lamanite. The text expresses the respective dramatic contributions of these two messengers along four dimensions: message, role, impact, and visibility. Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the Lords people to transgress.57, Leitwrter: know and lie with. Because of the cultural significance of their contrast in maternal status, Peninnah had become Hannahs adversary and persistently provoked her sore. These detailsthe preferred but barren wife and her jealous sister wifeevoke positive comparisons between Hannah and Israels grand matriarchs Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel.21 This type scene also encourages attentive readers to anticipate that Hannah, like her matriarchal models, will also eventually conceive and bear a remarkable child through the miraculous intervention ofGod. See also Allen Verhey, Remember, Remembrance, in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:66769; McCarter, ISamuel, 62 n.19; Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 526; and Alter, Moses, 385 n.3. The two major divergences in The First Book of Samuel lie in those passages that critics call the pro-monarchic source (1 Samuel 9:110:16) and those passages called the antimonarchic source (1 Samuel 8 and 10:1727). 993 BC. Genesis 16:5; 18:915; 21:15; 25:21; 29:31. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. Despite Hannahs concern for personal legitimacy, her familys status before the Lord is assured by Elkanahs annual devotionals at Shiloh and the resulting devotional lifestyle that is implied by his faithfulness to this ritual obligation. In short, while Elkanahs invitation is intended to strengthen his preferred wifes status within his family, her own priority is to guarantee the survival of her firstborn, which eventually benefits all Israel., Leitwrter: give and lend. After receiving Samuels prophecy, Eli has no recourse but to acknowledge, It is the Lord; let him do what seemeth him good (3:18). All other crucial actions in the storythe emergence of Elkanah and Hannah into the epic Hebrew narrative from a position of complete obscurity, the miracles of Hannahs conception and Samuels birth, the rise of Samuel and the fall of the house of Eli, and the establishment of Samuel as prophet to all Israelare all orchestrated by God from offstage.. It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. 2. . (Samuel I, 1) Samsons Life. In general, I agree with Alter: The story of Samuel, then, far from being a simple promotion of prophetic ideology, enormously complicates the notion of prophecy by concretely imagining what may become of the imperfect stuff of humanity when the mantle of prophecy is cast over it. Ancient Prophets, 230. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. . We may never know for sure whether a covenant perspective actually motivated those who crafted the inherited text over the centuries of its development. Rather than accepting her husbands invitation that she privilege her spousal role and enjoy its intended personal benefits (the worthy portion), Hannah chooses instead to focus on her maternal role: nurturing Samuel at home while he remains dependent on her for life and sustenance. Birth Country: United Kingdom. of Samuel There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. While we cannot be sure that the author crafted the Samuel story with such comparisons consciously in mind, the repeated inferred connections with other exemplary vignettes increase the probability of their intentionality. Parallelism is a general literary convention that links together different parts of the biblical text in a variety of customary and meaningful ways. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). 1 Samuel 30. While unusual, even extraordinary, Hannahs initiative at the temple to plead directly with JHWH for a man child is neither unprecedented nor countercultural. Trust vs. Mistrust: This stage occurs between the ages of birth and 1.5 years and is centered on developing a sense of trust in caregivers and the world. The lexical shift from give to lend does not indicate a change of heart on Hannahs part. This perspective does acknowledge, however, that biblical portraits are focused, even in their depth and complexity, and include few extraneous details. If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? And the priests custom with the people was, that, when any man offered sacrifice, the priests servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with a flesh-hook of three teeth in his hand; And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. While Elkanah focuses on outward and formal family concerns and is emotionally distant from everyone in the narrative, including his wife and children, Hannah is consistently preoccupied with personal devotions to God and is emotionally connected with everyone around her, regardless of their attitude toward her. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. 13. WebShe praised God when He answered her prayer and gave her a child. So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after they had drunk. On the other hand, Elkanahs worthy portion offering to Hannah seems to be a principal source of the dramatic tension between Hannah and Peninnah, discussed above, and between Elkanah and Hannah that is expressed in Elkanahs first direct speech, discussed below. And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to sacrifice unto the Lord of hosts in Shiloh. As portrayed in the text, Elkanah believes that Hannah should be more consoled by his worthy portion than had she born him ten sons.. Customary Behavior: Eating, Drinking, and Fasting. been registered with such subtlety and insight. Alter, Moses, xii. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). In gratitude she dedicated him to the service of the chief sanctuary of Shiloh, in the charge of the priest Eli. Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). Characterization: Prophet of God. While it is possible to read the narrative of Samuels birth in other ways, a covenant perspective allows readers to interpret many, perhaps most, of its details from a single, unified point of view, thus revealing great interpretive depth to the text. He accuses her of wanton drunkenness, a false assertion that she directly but respectfully corrects. Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto. . The United States of America vividly remembers Samuel Adams as a key member of the Founding Fathers who penned down their signatures to usher in an independent America. Despite his emotional distance from Hannah, Elkanah regularly and routinely worships at Shiloh in a manner that is consistent with the prescriptions of the Mosaic law. From the present perspective, 1 Samuel 13 is an account of more than the birth of a remarkable prophet and the beginning of a radical transformation of Israels polity. Chapters 13 of 1 Samuel1 describe the miraculous origins and auspicious upbringing of the first major Hebrew prophet since Joshua, who by all measures lived centuries before Samuel.2 The biblical account of Samuels beginnings forecasts the exceptional ministry of the man who served as Israels last complete sovereign. There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. Author of. Although [Hannah] is undoubtedly the heroine of our [birth] narrative, and even though Samuels role in it is secondary and passive, the story ultimately focuses not on her but on him. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. . 72. From the simplest and most direct perspective, the story of Samuels birth and calling can be best understood in covenant terms. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. WebThe birth of Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah's prayers had been answered. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. In this account Samuel is a figure known through all Israel (a term of uncertain meaning at this period); his authority rests on his position as judge. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. He is credited with Impact. 24. Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurses her baby until she weaned him, even though doing so means that she has to forego the annual pilgrimage to Shiloh and the (implied) customary worthy portion of the offering.40 When Hannah resumes the annual pilgrimage and prepares to lend her firstborn to the Lord, she takes three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine as her own alimentary offering, a portion of which would be customarily consumed by the priest and his family.41, Characterization: Husband and Wife. Samuel is a miracle child. Few individual verses in the entire Hebrew Bible use waw more frequently.36 Based on its construction, this verse properly reads as a compounding sequence of increasingly significant events, culminating in Gods remembering Hannah, in the covenant sense described above. And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret, because the Lord had shut up her womb. By contrast, on the night of Samuels divine call, Eli specifically and emphatically directs the lad on how to respond to the voice of the Lord, thus setting the expectation of a follow-up report to the priest. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. 5. All other textual details and literary conventions of the account systematically support a covenant perspective in the following central ways. Zakhor carries strong connotations of spiritual identity and covenant commitment, not simply cognitive awareness.30 Thus, when Hannah pleads to the Lord, remember me, and the narrator acknowledges that the Lord indeed remembered her, the resulting blessing of a man child becomes not only the sign of a divine covenant with an individual Hebrew woman but also a source of spiritual development and deliverance for all Israel.31. 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